Photovoltaic (PV) systems, offer renewable power by converting sunlight into electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and lowering energy costs.  Systems generally comprise three main components:

• PV Panels (Solar Modules): The primary component of a PV system, converting sunlight into electricity.
• Inverters: The component that converts direct current (DC) electricity from the panels into alternating current (AC) electricity used in homes and businesses.
• Battery Storage: The system used to store excess energy generated by the PV panels for later use, especially when sunlight is not available.

As with all plant and equipment, to maintain optimal performance and maximize the system’s lifespan, regular preventative maintenance (PM) is essential, such as: 

1. Cleaning and Inspecting PV Panels

• Cleaning: Solar panels need to be cleaned regularly to remove dirt, debris, and other contaminants that can reduce their efficiency. Cleaning frequency will depend on local environmental conditions, but a general guideline is to clean panels at least twice a year.
• Inspection: Panels should be visually inspected for cracks, chips, or other damage that could impair performance. Also, check for shading caused by nearby trees or structures that might reduce energy output.

2. Inverter Maintenance

• Regular Inspections: Inverters should be checked every 6-12 months for any signs of malfunction, overheating, or failure. This includes checking the inverter’s display screen for error codes and ensuring the system is producing the expected amount of energy.
• Fan and Vent Cleaning: Inverters often have cooling fans to prevent overheating. Regular cleaning of vents and fans is essential to prevent dust buildup, which could reduce the unit’s ability to cool itself.
• Firmware Updates: Ensure that the inverter’s firmware is up to date to keep the system running efficiently and avoid security vulnerabilities.

3. Battery Storage System Maintenance

• State of Charge: Battery storage systems should be monitored for their state of charge (SOC) to ensure they are functioning correctly. Check the charge/discharge cycles and ensure that the battery is properly storing and releasing energy.
• Inspection: Inspect the batteries for any signs of corrosion, leakage, or swelling. Batteries should also be inspected for any signs of reduced performance, such as a decrease in energy storage capacity.

4. Wiring and Electrical Connections

• Inspect all electrical connections and wiring for signs of wear, corrosion, or damage. Loose connections or exposed wiring can cause electrical faults or fires.
• Ensure that the grounding system is intact and functioning correctly to protect against electrical shocks.

5. Monitoring System Performance

• Most modern PV systems come with monitoring tools that allow owners to track system performance remotely. Regularly check the system’s output against expected performance levels, and look for any discrepancies that may indicate underlying issues.

6. Battery and Inverter Health Monitoring

• Many modern systems come with built-in monitoring for battery performance and inverter health. Ensure that the system’s software provides insights on energy usage, battery cycles, and overall performance. If there are issues, consult with professionals to address them promptly.

Standards for Preventative Maintenance

Maintaining PV systems in line with industry standards ensures safety, efficiency, and performance. Different countries have developed standards to govern the maintenance and operation of these systems, and adhering to them ensures long-term reliability.

British Standards (BS)

In the UK, BS EN 62446:2016 provides guidelines for the design, installation, and maintenance of grid-connected PV systems. It outlines the requirements for the commissioning, maintenance, and testing of PV systems, including inverters, batteries, and panels. Additionally, BS 7671 (the IET Wiring Regulations) outlines safety guidelines for electrical installations, including those involving PV systems.

Australian and New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS)

In Australia and New Zealand, the AS/NZS 5033:2021: Installation and safety requirements for photovoltaic (PV) arrays, covers the installation of photovoltaic arrays, providing guidelines for system installation and maintenance. The AS/NZS 4777:2020, Grid connection of energy systems via inverters, standard specifically addresses the operation of grid-connected inverters, providing guidelines for their maintenance and troubleshooting.

Canadian Standards (CSA)

In Canada, the CSA C22, The Canadian Electrical Code, addresses safety requirements for electrical installations, including PV systems, ensuring that maintenance practices comply with safety protocols.

Conclusion

Preventative maintenance is essential for ensuring that photovoltaic systems — including PV panels, inverters, and battery storage — continue to operate efficiently, safely, and effectively. By following the maintenance guidelines outlined in relevant international standards, such as those from the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, system owners can maximize the lifespan and performance of their systems.

Dewick & Associates offers expert guidance on PV system maintenance and provides tailored Operation & Maintenance (O&M) manuals, which include step-by-step instructions and log sheets for system inspections. By investing in routine maintenance, homeowners, businesses, and facilities can optimize energy output, prevent costly repairs, and ensure that their PV systems contribute to a sustainable, renewable energy future.

Author: Louise Gardner, General Manager